Mongolian History, Part 2

Once Mongolia was united and most of China conquered, Chenggis continued the expansion of his new empire. When new areas were conquered, any new warfare techniques, technologies and methods found were quickly incorporated as part of their own. Explosives, navies, tactical maneuvers all became part of the already impressive Mongolian forces.

Even Japan was not safe. It seems that the Khan's had also formed the greatest naval fleet the world had ever known (at least as measured in sheer numbers of vessels and men) which set sail for that tiny country with conquest in mind. Only an unexpected and massive storm saved them. The entire Mongol fleet was lost, ships and souls alike.

To make a long story short, the Mongolian Empire would not only become the largest the world has ever know, but also the longest lasting! The map shown here gives some idea of the extent of that empire which was continued under his well known grandson, Kubla (Khubilia) Khan.

History may well credit Chenggis Khan with creating religious tolerance as well as forcing unity within a previously divided Russia and China - something that would come to haunt Mongolia many years later. If one were to conjecture, this may have been one reason such an empire were allowed to rise to power. Unity and religious tolerance would be necessary for a people to advance and grow. None-the-less, the Mongols were referred to as the Golden Horde for a reason. As another writer has described them, "They were extremely ruthless but still in many ways they had one of the most advanced cultures of that era. The Mongolians were some of the most intelligent warriors of the time and yet they were the most barbaric as well."

But as one might expect, the very size of that empire would become it's downfall. It required years to traverse the length of it on horse back, and it would first divide into four major fragments before finally disintegrating entirely.

Though their legacy is a mixed one, is it any wonder that the nation as it now stands, still prizes their unique Mongolian history very highly. The name Chenggis Khan remains a significant part of their culture, with one the largest statues ever built, that of Chenggis Khan, having only been recently completed (follow this link to see additional pictures of that rather impressive complex Chenggis Statue).

More recent Mongolian history, however, is not quite as notable. Over the past couple of hundred years, Mongolia has, in turn, been alternately conquered by Russia and China. Much has been lost as a result. And yet, the hand of the Lord can be seen even in the difficulties left behind by those two great powers.

Chinese rule brought the adoption of the Buddhist religion. Then, when Russia conquered Mongolia in 1921, they brought with them their atheistic beliefs, destroying all monasteries and killing any monks they could find. Few of the old historic structures or the monks themselves survived. We've included this picture of one which we recently visited which did survive. It is found at the far end of a box canyon and would be easy to miss. Indeed, we would likely have not seen it ourselves had we not been with someone who could point it out to us. We will post more on our little trip next time.

Though the loss of the old historic structures and, of course, the loss of lives is lamentable, here again a purpose can be seen. It would likely have been much more difficult to introduce the Gospel to a people who remained steeped in a Buddhist faith and tradition. That faith still is predominant in Mongolia, though not as deeply entrenched as it once was. The people of Mongolia are accepting the Gospel in greater numbers than just about any other Asian country.

When Elder Maxwell dedicated this land for the teaching of the Gospel, he included a promise that Mongolia would become a beacon to those countries around them. That promise is in the process of fulfillment today.

Mongolia may well become a nation with much influence once again. But this time, that influence will be a bit different.

Next post: Our recent visit with some of that history.
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Time for a History Lesson

We have recently had some experiences with the history of Mongolia (places we have visited, etc.). We want to share those but felt that a brief account of that history would be helpful, first. So, we hope that the next couple of blogs might prove interesting and be useful in understanding this little known country we find ourselves in. This will be a Readers Digest version but hopefully will prove interesting to you. We also believe that the hand of the Lord can be seen in some of that history.

Mongolia is a very old country with a rich and rather amazing history. For many years it was referred to as Outer Mongolia (to differentiate it from the area called Inner Mongolia still found in northern China). Not much spoken of in the United States, Mongolia is probably most well known for one of their ancient leader/conquerors, though even he is not very well understood by most.

Even the name of the referred to ruler, is not generally known in it's proper form. The man we refer to as Genghis Khan was born Temujin (his given name) in 1162 AD. The name Genghis Khan is actually a title more than a name, a 'khan' being a great ruler and king. And a more correct pronunciation of that bestowed name/title would be Chenggis Haun, the 'k' being silent in 'kh' combinations.

Chenggis Khan (the more proper and Romanized Mongolian spelling - remember, the Cyrillic alphabet is now used here) was the first to unite Mongolia. Until his appearance, the country was divided into approximately five or six tribes, the actual number being something of a matter of debate, depending on how one defines and identifies a tribe.

Once united, Chenggis set his sights on a somewhat larger picture and began conquering neighboring countries. At this point, the story becomes a bit less defined.

The Mongols did not keep much of a written account of what occurred over the next couple of hundred years, a written Mongolian language not having been developed, yet, during the first part of the Chenggis reign. The accounts we do have came mostly from the peoples he conquered. And, as one might expect, that view tends to be a bit one sided. Not many conquered people will often write kindly of their conquerors. Thus, for many years we have had a picture painted of Chenggis Khan as a rather bloodthirsty and ruthless tyrant. And most likely, he was -- at least to a point. Word of his sternness initially spread after he killed his own brother for stealing food from their rather scant family supply.

However, more recent efforts have been made to search out and gather any available information and to complete a more accurate rendition of these historic events. And the evidence gathered seems to suggest another dimension to this famous (or perhaps infamous) and historic figure.

Temujin's (or Chenggis) father was poisoned by a group of Tatar's (the reigning power in that area at the time) when he was nine years old. This act of treachery, was likely a pivotal point in the life of young Temujin and would be one the Tatars would come to regret.

At 17 years of age, Temujin convinced the tribe to which his new wife, Bortei, belonged, to join him in seeking revenge against their Tatar enemies.

A call to other Mongols to unite brought many more under his command and his army grew to the thousands. He was the first to organize his forces in what is now a familiar command structure -- cohorts of a thousand, a hundred, fifty and ten. A very effective structure, indeed. Other Mongols who would not voluntarily unite under his leadership, were eventually defeated and forced to do so.

Once united under one rule, the Mongol's turned their attention to northern China. Accounts indicate that Chenggis Khan would approach a city, declare his intention to conquer it and give the residents an opportunity to surrender. They were promised that they could continue to manage their own government with a contingent of Mongol forces remaining to oversee things. A tax would be levied, but it was not unusual for that tax to be smaller than the one already being assessed by the current governing body.

But should they refuse, they were destroyed.

It seemed that no one was able to withstand his invading army. They would often defeat forces as much as four times their size. One of the secrets to there success, was their skill at archery. Mongolian soldiers could accurately hit a target at up to 536 meters! That's an astounding 1700 feet - or more!

That accuracy allowed them to decimate an apposing army before that army was within range of their own archers! Their accuracy was apparently no less amazing from the back of a galloping horse.

Chenggis Khan proved to be a cunning and very intelligent ruler, perhaps ahead of his time. Not only were his military tactics nearly unheard of in Asia (or even Europe) as he (among other things) employed maneuvers to entice his enemies out of their strong holds, for example, but he also initiated the first known international trade routes. He allowed freedom of religion in those areas he conquered (himself adhering to Shamanistic beliefs) and is also credited with initiating the first written Mongolian language.

It seems likely that the Lord had purpose in what Chenggis Khan did, much as he had purpose in what Cyrus, the ancient despotic ruler of Babylon did. Cyrus was prophesied of by name in the old testament long before he was born.

Other things have occurred in more recent Mongolian history which seem to more clearly suggest that the Lord was preparing a people to accept the Gospel, as we will attempt to relate in the next couple of posts.
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Hi Franco!

Glad to see you following along on our blog! Hope you are keeping everything in tip top shape in Magna for us! And I hope you are taking care of Sister Cambra!

The 4th of July in Mongolia!

Even over here in Mongolia, we manage to celebrate the 4th! Opened, of course, by a children's parade!

There is quite a contingent of Americans over here between the Embassy, the Church, other religious organizations and business ventures. Years ago, the Embassy started this celebration, but then decided that there could be some complications in having the Embassy itself sponsoring the event, so employees assumed the organization of it with the Embassy's unofficial support.

Most of the folks working at the Embassy live in an apartment complex called Star Apartments -- quite a nice place to live, actually, but also fairly expensive. This is where the celebration is held.

Sister Caldwell and I have been serving on the committee which organized this years event. Sister Caldwell was in charge of children's activities and I helped with the food. We both helped with ticket sales.

The US Ambassador spoke to officially kick of the events. He read a speech apparently written by President Obama for this years holiday. You'll have to look close, but that is a picture of him speaking!

He also officially opened the food lines! That was the best part of his whole visit.



We had a small group of vendors come and offer their wares for sale. The small ger pictured is children's size and is, in fact, an actual ger, constructed exactly like the larger ones but on a much smaller scale.

It was really a fun event and everything went well. There were over 500 people in attendance. We had hot dogs and hamburgers (of course!) along with brauts and four pit cooked pigs! And the senior couples made all of the potato salad for the meal! We'll tell you about that sometime!

There has been some difficulty in handling the crowds in the past. It apparently took over two hours to feed them all last year and the lines to get into the event were quite long. This year, we had no lines at the entrance and, despite having a larger crowd, feed them all in about 35 minutes!

Each American is allowed to bring one Mongolian with them, if they want. And it's a good thing or most of our missionaries would not have been able to attend. Most have Mongolian companions!



We had children's activities, a desert contest, a photo contest and adult
activities. Our missionaries really liked the sack race, the three legged race, the egg race and the rope pull -- among others! These guys really put there all into this! But it seems we were pitted against a group of American Marines stationed here! They came as part of the Marine Corps band (yup, we had the actual band there!) and to do most all of the cooking at the grill! They were great, but they ended up eating a lot of smoke! And our guys did ok against those big bruts!

We cooked the dogs, burgers and brauts on about 12 feet of those half barrel briquette grills. And we are really glad we had a cool weather day!

I ended up running the food lines and supplies the food lines from the grill. I've never run so hard in my life!

Oh yah, there was also the water fight(see pictures below)!



They kind of liked that one too! We put some Elders in charge of 'protecting' the water balloons. Ok, so it was like putting the mice in charge of the cheese! Oh, well! And the fact that the temperatures didn't get above 66, didn't even slow them down!

The people here don't have celebrations quite like this, where we get together and play games and have activities that all can participate in. And it has become a really popular celebration. Half the Mongolians in the city would come, if it were possible and we could let them. But that many people would be impossible to deal with or to really find a place for.

Our party ended at about 4:00 pm. We weren't able to have the traditional fireworks -- too much liability for our little group. However, the city of Ulaanbaatar sort of took care of that for us! Later that evening, there was a display behind the hotel across the street from our apartment. And by 'later' I mean 'LATER'! One o'clock in the morning! We were all fast asleep (were being the operative word here!)!

As you can tell, it was a very successful day. But we went home exhausted!

So, happy Fourth of July to you all! Hope you had as much fun as we did!
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We're really in hot water, now!

Those of you who have followed us here will recall the centralized hot water system we have mentioned before. That is, all of our hot water comes from a central plant several miles away from us. It is amazing that, even during the cold, cold winter months, it manages to reach us still warm. But it does. However, the consistency of the supply is still 'iffy'. Sometimes they seem to either not keep up with demand or a small glitch of some sort leaves us without hot water for short periods, from time to time. So you learn. If there is hot water, that is the time to take a bath or shower! Mostly, it works out ok.

However, during the summer, things become a bit more interesting than usual. We had heard that there would be about a two week period in which there would be no hot water. They, apparently, sort of shut things down for maintenance. Two weeks without hot water! Ouch!

Well, we just finished our two week stint. And now everything is back on and we're doing great, right? Bish (not)! Oh, the hot water is back on, for sure. And it is scalding hot! In fact, it is just like the water in the cold water pipe!

Yup! That's right! The cold water, isn't!! First we had no hot water, now we have no COLD water! Now we have more hot water than we know what to do with! And it's been like that for two days -- so far!

Ever tried to do . . . well, just about anything, with nothing but scalding hot water?! Let us point out a couple of things for you. A shower is out of the question -- unless you want boiled missionary! To take a bath, you run a tub of water and then wait for an hour or two for it to cool down enough to get in!

Oh, and of course this is happening during the hottest part of the year! Remember those exposed pipes that run through the bathroom? Well let's just say we now have a built in sauna in our apartment! And it is doing a nice job of heating the rest of the place, as well!

And picture this if you will: sitting on a toilet full of scalding hot water! (ok, so don't spend too much time with the picturing thing!) Wow! And shaving is a real experience! Run sink full of water; do not touch; wait for 45 minutes; test water; shave; rinse off with . . . oh, wait a minute. You can't rinse off! I mean WIPE off with dry towel!

And, of course, you will remember that we have to filter the water before we can drink it. To help with that, we have a nice three stage water filter installed in the kitchen which we direct water through when we need drinking water. But hot water will destroy the filters and we don't dare use it. Ergo, no drinking water either!

Why are they running hot water through all of the pipes you ask? TIM (this is Mongolia)! If you can figure this one out, please let us know!

And did I mention that we saw a newspaper article yesterday that indicated they were having a bit of trouble with the maintenance issue and that we would likely be repeating this wonderful experience at the end of July?

Stayed tuned for more exciting adventures from half way around the world!

Note to Elder and Sister Lasson: it is too late to change your minds, now. We expect your here on August 1st as scheduled!
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Hello Elder and Sister Lasson!

We were excited to see a comment from Elder and Sister Lasson on our last post. They will be joining us here in Mongolia soon! We have heard you were coming and can't wait to meet you! Would love to here from you (see email to the right under our picture).

During last week's Zone Conference, one of the Elders related the following story.

As he and his companion were walking the neighborhood, they met a man named Inkhbat. After speaking with him and telling him a little about the Gospel, they arranged to visit him at his home the next day.

After locating what they thought was his home (let's just say that addresses here are not what we are used to in the States!), they knocked on his door. They did not, however, immediately recognize the man who answered. Not too surprising really. They speak with many people in a day and just could not be certain whether or not this was their contact from the day before.

They introduced themselves and asked if he was Inkhbat. He did not respond, but invited them in. They had a good discussion (while he smoked nearly a whole pack of cigarettes) and arranged for an additional time to continue teaching him the Gospel.

The following day, they noticed him near the Church building and were excited to see him there. They spoke with him and he then told them that he, indeed, was not Inkhbat but that Inkhbat was his brother. They asked him why he had not said anything the day before. He answered that he was afraid they might leave!

He told them that he had been fishing a few days before and, not having much in the way of food, needed very much to catch some fish, but was having no success. He became quite discouraged and depressed but finally began thinking about the concept of a God, wondering if there really was one. He eventually concluded that if there was a God (offering probably the closest thing to a prayer, of sorts, that he would likely know), then he would be able to catch fish.

Within a short time, he indeed began catching more fish than he knew what to do with. And his belief in God changed. When the missionaries knocked on his door, he was ready and wanted to learn.

He joined the Church and quickly became a very strong member and an asset to his branch.

I have wondered how many frustrating experiences I have had which the Lord used (or at least would have used) to prepare me to learn something I needed to know.

I hope that at least sometimes I have managed to listen.
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